How Is It Possible That Phylogenies Based on Sequences from Nuclear

question 105

Multiple Choice

How is it possible that phylogenies based on sequences from nuclear genomes and organellar genomes (i.e., chloroplasts and mitochondria) from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching orders?

• A)Nuclear and organellar genes evolved at different rates, obscuring evolutionary relationships.
• B)For organelles like chloroplasts, no mutations can occur or photosynthesis would stop and the organism would die. The nuclear genome can accumulate mutations, so it can continue to evolve.
• C)The genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.
• D)Transfer of genetic material from the genome of the endosymbiont to the host results in two phylogenies, host and endosymbiont. The host genome continues to accumulate mutations, but the endosymbiont genome cannot.

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Definitions:

Punitive Damages

Financial compensation awarded to a plaintiff to punish the defendant for particularly harmful behavior and deter future similar actions.

Inherently Dangerous

Refers to activities or substances that, by their nature, pose a significant risk of harm.

Superseding Cause

A superseding cause is an unforeseeable event that interrupts the chain of causation, relieving a defendant from liability for harm caused after the event.

Causal Connection

The relationship between a cause and its effect, denoting how one event is directly responsible for the occurrence of another.