Which of the Following Is an Example of How Variability

question 27

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of how variability can interfere with a study's validity:

• A) different interviewers use instructions and procedures differently
• B) measurement error from an unreliable measure influences the data obtained from participants
• C) differences in participant characteristics influence the results within the sample
• D) all of the above

---

Definitions:

Demographic Changes

Refers to shifts in the statistical characteristics of populations over time, including factors like age, race, gender, and income levels.

Historical Events

Significant occurrences or moments in history that have helped shape human society and the world.

Individualism-collectivism

A cultural dimension that describes the degree to which cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the individual versus those of the group.

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s consistent behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.