Which of These Outcomes Is a Pitfall to Effective Decision

question 13

Multiple Choice

Which of these outcomes is a pitfall to effective decision making identified by Hammond, Keeney, and Raiffa?

• A) Decisions are based on large amounts of information.
• B) Decisions are based on positive and negative evidence.
• C) Decisions are made to effect change.
• D) Decisions are made to justify previous decisions.

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Definitions:

Theory X

A management theory suggesting that employees are naturally lazy and will avoid work if they can, implying the need for strict supervision.

Irrational Feelings

Emotions or sentiments that are not based on reason, logic, or actual experience, often leading to unpredictable or unreasonable reactions.

Achievement Drive

The inner motivation or desire of an individual to accomplish specific goals and excel in tasks.

High Need

A critical or urgent requirement for something that is essential or very important for an individual or entity.