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What mass of ethanol, C2H5OH a nonelectrolyte, must be added to 10.0 L of water to give a solution that freezes at -10.0°C? Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/mL. Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response until the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response.
Operant Conditioning
A behavioral modification method in which the level of an action is shaped by giving incentives or imposing deterrents.
Particular Consequence
Specific outcomes or results that follow from a particular action, decision, or event, with implications for those involved.
Reinforcement Theory
A theory that posits behavior is motivated by its consequences, with reinforcement used to either increase desired behaviors or decrease unwanted ones.
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