Which Membrane Proteins Use the Electrochemical Gradient to Move Ions

question 32

Multiple Choice

Which membrane proteins use the electrochemical gradient to move ions across the membrane? Choose all that apply.

• A) Symporters
• B) Pumps
• C) Antiporters
• D) Ion channels

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Definitions:

Structural Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, resulting in different properties.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, which determine the atom's chemical properties and its ability to form bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom (often oxygen or nitrogen) in another, important in the structure of water and DNA.

Carbon Atom

The fundamental chemical element with symbol C, essential to all known life forms and the basis of organic chemistry.