[Solved] The importance and value placed on a reward in expectancy theory is known as: A) need. B) instrumentality. C) likelihood. D) valence. Phallic Stage: In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the third stage of psychosexual development (ages 3-6) where the libido's focus is on the genital area, and the child develops sexual identification with the same-sex parent. Sexual Orientation: The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations. Defense Mechanism: Psychological strategies used by individuals unconsciously to protect themselves from anxiety or unacceptable thoughts and feelings. Homophobia: The fear, hatred, or prejudice against homosexual people or homosexuality in general, often leading to discrimination.