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All the response hierarchy models assume that a buyer passes through affective, cognitive, and behavioral stages, in that order.
Break-Even Point
The level of production or sales at which total revenues equal total costs, resulting in no net loss or gain.
Contribution Margin Ratio
A ratio that shows the contribution margin as a percentage of total sales, indicating how much of the revenue is available to cover fixed costs and generate profit.
Fixed Expenses
Expenses that do not fluctuate with changes in production volume or sales, such as rent and salaries.
Variable Expenses
Costs that change in proportion to the level and nature of business activity, such as advertising, sales commissions, and shipping costs.
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