Bethany Notices That Whenever She Receives a Text Message, Her

question 22

Multiple Choice

Bethany notices that whenever she receives a text message, her roommate Stella is playing her tuba. She concludes that Stella's tuba playing is causing her to receive text messages. Bethany is

• A) definitely confusing correlation with causation.
• B) very probably correct in her conclusion that the tuba playing causes her to receive text messages.
• C) likely correct that there is causation, but the causation is more likely running in the opposite direction in that the text messages are causing Stella to play the tuba.
• D) probably misguided in that there is no apparent correlation or causation in this situation.

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Definitions:

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics or behaviors that distinguish one individual from another and can predict their reactions in various situations.

Procedural Self-Knowledge

The understanding and awareness of how to perform certain actions or tasks, often considered a component of implicit or unconscious knowledge about oneself.

Low Self-Esteem

A state where an individual perceives themselves as inadequate, unlovable, or incompetent.

Fearlessness About Death

A psychological trait characterized by a lack of fear or apprehension about the concept of dying or death itself.