A Placebo Effect Makes It Difficult to Draw Cause and Effect

question 403

Multiple Choice

A placebo effect makes it difficult to draw cause and effect conclusions because we cannot tell whether

• A)it is the treatment or the researcher's behaviors that are responsible for the results
• B)it is the treatment or the participant's expectations that are responsible for the results
• C)random sampling or random assignment is appropriate for the study
• D)it is the independent variable or the dependent variable that are responsible for the results
• E)the variables were operationally defined

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