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Discuss two methods by which experimental control over extraneous variables can be increased.
Negative Reinforcement
The process of strengthening a behavior by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or unpleasant stimulus as a result of the behavior.
Contingent Avoidance
A type of learning where a subject learns to perform a behavior to prevent the occurrence of an aversive stimulus.
Active Avoidance
A learning process in which an organism learns to perform a behavior to prevent or avoid an unpleasant stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
The strengthening of a behavior by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus when the behavior is performed.
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