Which of the Following Conditions Should Not Necessarily Be Met

question 21

Multiple Choice

Which of the following conditions should not necessarily be met to establish that a change in the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable:

• A)The independent and the dependent variable should co-vary: in other words,a change in the dependent variable should be associated with a change in the independent variable.
• B)The independent variable (the presumed causal factor)should precede the dependent variable.In other words,there must be a time sequence in which the two occur: the cause must occur before the effect.
• C)No other factor should possibly cause the change in the dependent variable.Hence,the researcher should control for the effects of other variables.
• D)A third variable should modify the original relationship between the independent and the dependent variable.

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Definitions:

Psychological Disorders

A pattern of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant impairment in functioning.

Predictable Responses

are reactions or answers that can be anticipated based on known patterns, behaviors, or information.

Specific Events

Particular occurrences or happenings that are clearly defined or identified.

Specific Phobias

Extreme, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity, leading to avoidance behavior and distress.