In the Context of Threats to Internal Validity, History Refers

question 14

Multiple Choice

In the context of threats to internal validity, history refers to:

• A) the time between pretest and posttest results that may affect the results of a study.
• B) an event that occurs during the administration of a treatment and that may affect a researcher's observations.
• C) the differences between groups that exist before the implementation of a treatment and that may indirectly affect the conclusion drawn by the researcher.
• D) a developmental change in participants between the pretest and the posttest that might affect the results.

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Definitions:

Managed Electronically

The process of organizing, controlling, or conducting operations using digital technology and electronic devices.

Environmental Scan

An analysis method that examines the internal and external environments of an organization to identify opportunities and threats.

External Environment

The external factors, including economic, legal, political, social, technological, and competitive elements, that influence an organization's operations.

Environmental Factor

An external element that can influence the performance and outcomes of an organization, including economic, social, technological, political, and natural conditions.