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In trying to construct a model to estimate grades on a statistics test, a professor wanted to include, among other factors, whether the person had taken the course previously. To do this, the professor included a dummy variable in her regression that was equal to 1 if the person had previously taken the course, and 0 otherwise. The interpretation of the coefficient associated with this dummy variable would be the mean amount the repeat students tended to be above or below non-repeaters, with all other factors the same.
Carriers
Companies that provide transportation services for goods, typically including freight companies, airlines, and shipping lines.
Competition
The rivalry between businesses or suppliers to attract customers and achieve higher sales, often leading to innovation and better quality offerings.
Modal Selection
The process of choosing the most appropriate mode of transportation for goods based on factors like cost, distance, and product type.
Determinants
Factors or conditions that exert influence on the outcome of a process or the characteristics of an entity.
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