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As a general rule, an observation is considered an extreme value if its Z score is greater than 3.
Contingent Reinforcement
A reward that is given only after a specific behavior is demonstrated, used to encourage that behavior in the future.
Desired Behavior
The specific actions or reactions that are sought after or encouraged within a given context or environment.
Contingency of Reinforcement
A principle that posits the effectiveness of a reward or punishment is dependent on the specific situation or context.
Punishment
The imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense or undesirable behavior.
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