To Infer a Causal Relationship, Which of the Following Types

question 54

Multiple Choice

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?

• A)Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome.
• B)Evidence that the action preceded the outcome.
• C)Evidence of a high level of internal validity.
• D)Evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome.
• E)All of these

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Definitions:

Hypertension

A medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

Bones

The rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates, providing support, protection, and aiding in movement.

Plasma

Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, consisting of ionized gases with positive ions and free electrons.

Alkalosis

Condition characterized by blood pH of 7.45 or above.