Many Individuals Use Drugs as Negative Reinforcement to Escape from the Unpleasantness

question 40

Multiple Choice

Many individuals use drugs as negative reinforcement to escape from the unpleasantness (pain, stress, anxiety) in their lives. This phenomenon is called all of the following EXCEPT .

• A) self-medication
• B) tension reduction
• C) controlled dosing
• D) negative affect

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Definitions:

Semi-Annually

Occurring twice a year; typically referring to the frequency at which interest is paid or calculated.

Future Value

The amount of money an investment is expected to grow to over a period of time, assuming a specific interest rate.

Rates of Return

The positive or negative financial outcome of an investment over an agreed-upon period, expressed as a percent of the investment's initial outlay.

Present Value

The now value of a sum of money to be received in the future or a series of financial inflows, accounting for a specific return rate.