Instrumentation Is a Threat to Internal Validity That Is Related

question 1

Multiple Choice

Instrumentation is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

• A)a pretest survey
• B)variation in data collection procedures
• C)the sample
• D)the study context
• E)the researcher

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Definitions:

Transtheoretical Model

A psychological framework that analyzes an individual's readiness to change and identifies stages of change to address a variety of behaviors.

Problem-Focused Coping

Coping mechanisms that aim directly at mitigating or solving a stressor rather than solely managing emotional responses to the stressor.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping strategy that involves managing or reducing the emotional distress associated with a situation.

Subjective Probability

An individual's personal estimation or belief about how likely an event is to occur.