Instrumentation Is a Threat to Internal Validity That Is Related

question 1

Multiple Choice

Instrumentation is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

• A)a pretest survey
• B)variation in data collection procedures
• C)the sample
• D)the study context
• E)the researcher

---

Definitions:

Capital Market Line

In the capital asset pricing model, a line that describes the risk-return trade-off for efficient portfolios, showing that higher risk leads to higher expected return.

Measurement Error

The difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value, often due to imperfections in measurement tools or techniques.

Black, Jensen, and Scholes

Refers to scholars who contributed to the development of financial theories and models, most notably the Black-Scholes model for pricing options.

Two-Stage Regression

A statistical analysis method used when there are indirect causal relationships, involving first regressing an independent variable on an instrumenting variable, then the outcome on the fitted values from the first stage.