Explain How Scientists Used Artificial Vesicles to Prove That the Generation

question 40

Essay

Explain how scientists used artificial vesicles to prove that the generation of ATP by the ATP synthase was not powered by a single high-energy intermediate but rather by a proton gradient.Be sure to describe the two experiments that were negative controls (no ATP generated), the positive control (ATP generated as expected), and a fourth experiment proving that the gradient is the required energy source.

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Definitions:

Common-Law Negligence

Refers to the failure to act with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances, leading to unintended harm to others.

Legal Duty

Refers to an obligation imposed by law upon an individual to act or refrain from acting in a certain manner.

Proximately Caused

A legal principle that limits the damages a plaintiff can recover to those which are directly related to the defendant's actions.

Proximate Cause

A legal concept that links a defendant’s conduct with the plaintiff's injury or damage, establishing liability based on the foreseeability of the harm.