Your Father Has Just Been Diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis

question 86

Multiple Choice

Your father has just been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. He has pain and the sensation of "pins and needles" in some if his finger joints and also in his wrists. He knows you covered autoimmune diseases in your microbiology class, so asks you to help him understand his condition.
-You explain to your father that usually, the immune system routinely eliminates or silences any lymphocytes that recognize autoantigens, which are the "self" antigens found in cells and on body tissues. This process is called self-tolerance. In autoimmune disease, self-tolerance is faulty. There are at least two mechanisms that lead to self-tolerance. Which are they?
1) Negative selection of developing lymphocytes that recognize autoantigens, resulting in apoptosis of those cells.
2) Introduction of antigen by the oral route, so that the immune system "learns" to tolerate it, just as it does the many antigens ingested in food.
3) Failure of naive lymphocytes that recognize antigen but do not receive the necessary second signals (MHC) to become responsive.

• A) 1 and 2
• B) 1 and 3
• C) 2 and 3
• D) 1, 2, and 3
• E) 1 only

Grasping the influence of learning and environmental factors on the development of psychological disorders.

Recognizing the significance of early childhood experiences and unresolved conflicts in psychoanalytic theory.

Understanding the distinction between cognitive and behavioral approaches to abnormal psychology.

Grasping the historical shift from supernatural to scientific explanations of abnormal behavior.

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Definitions:

Acquisition

Acquisition refers to the process of gaining new information, skills, or assets.

Conditioning

A learning process in which an individual's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment.

Survive

To continue to live or exist, especially in spite of danger, hardship, or after experiencing a life-threatening situation.

Reproduce

The biological process by which living organisms produce offspring, either sexually or asexually.