In Describing His Experiences During the Decision-Making Process That Preceded

question 198

Multiple Choice

In describing his experiences during the decision-making process that preceded the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy's adviser, Arthur Schlesinger, reported that although he was opposed to the invasion, he didn't speak out because "others would regard it as presumptuous of him, a college professor, to take issue with august heads of government institutions." This example best reflects __________ as a symptom of groupthink.

• A) group members' sense of invulnerability
• B) decisive leaders' refusal to solicit other points of view
• C) self-censorship in the interest of avoiding criticism
• D) the isolation of groups

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Definitions:

Validity

The extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and accurately reflects the real world.

Reliability

The degree to which a research method or instrument yields consistent results across different occasions or samples.

Coding Sheet

A document or tool used for systematically recording and categorizing qualitative data during research for easier analysis.

Persuasive Appeals

Refers to the methods used in communication and rhetoric to influence or convince an audience, often classified as ethos, pathos, and logos.