Which Item Below Describes a Case of State Apprehension

question 10

Multiple Choice

Which item below describes a case of state apprehension?

• A) I get very nervous when I talk to strangers face-to-face, talk on the phone, and speak to groups.
• B) Because I'm an experienced speaker, I feel no anxiety when I speak to a group whether it is large or small.
• C) I get nervous only when I have to speak in class with the teacher grading my performance.
• D) I get very nervous when the other person speaks English poorly, when I have to talk to salespeople in retail stores, and when I have to talk to a group larger than three persons.

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Definitions:

Third-variable Problem

A scenario in research where an unmeasured variable causes or influences both variables of interest, potentially misleading interpretations of a correlation or relationship.

Causal Relationship

A connection between two events or states where one event is understood to be a direct result of the other.

Confounding Variable

An external variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables in a study, potentially skewing the results.

Observational Study

A study in which the researcher observes and records behavior or outcomes without manipulating variables.