Imagine We Were Interested in the Effect of Supporters Singing

question 29

Multiple Choice

Imagine we were interested in the effect of supporters singing on the number of goals scored by soccer teams.We took 10 groups of supporters of 10 different soccer teams and asked them to attend three home games,one at which they were instructed to sing in support of their team (e.g.,'Come on,you reds!') ,one at which they were instructed to sing negative songs towards the opposition (e.g.,'You're getting sacked in the morning!') and one at which they were instructed to sit quietly.The order of chanting was counterbalanced across groups.A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted and post hoc tests were selected.Looking at the output below,which of the following sentences regarding the pairwise comparisons is correct?

• A)Soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs towards them compared to when they sang negative songs towards the opposition and compared to when they did not sing at all.Soccer teams did not significantly differ in the number of goals scored when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing at all.
• B)Soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs towards them compared to when they sang negative songs towards the opposition,but not compared to when they did not sing at all.Soccer teams scored significantly fewer goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing at all.
• C)Soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs towards them compared to when they sang negative songs towards the opposition,but not compared to when they did not sing at all.Soccer teams did not significantly differ in the number of goals scored when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing at all.
• D)Soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang positive songs towards them compared to when they sang negative songs towards the opposition and when they did not sing at all.Soccer teams scored significantly more goals when their supporters sang negative songs compared to when they did not sing at all.

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Definitions:

Power

The capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events.

Death Penalty

The death penalty, or capital punishment, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is executed as a punishment for a crime.

Peacemaking Criminology

A theory in criminology that emphasizes healing, reconciliation, and the reduction of harm rather than punitive measures.

Nonviolence

A principle or practice of using peaceful methods, rather than force, to bring about political or social change.