Who Proposed That Some Members of Stigmatized Racial and Ethnic

question 5

Multiple Choice

Who proposed that some members of stigmatized racial and ethnic groups respond to negative ethnic stereotypes and discrimination by developing an oppositional ethnic identity and cultural frame of reference that defensively opposes the rejecting dominant culture?

• A) Steven Spencer
• B) Claude Steele
• C) John Ogbu
• D) Harold Stevenson

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Definitions:

Nonsteroidal

Referring to drugs or substances that do not contain steroids, commonly mentioned in the context of anti-inflammatory medications.

Gonadal

Relating to the gonads, the organs that produce gametes (sperm in males and ova in females) for reproduction.

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts.

Thyroid Gland

An endocrine gland, consisting of irregularly spheroid follicles, lying in front and to the sides of the upper part of the trachea, in a horseshoe shape, with two lateral lobes connected by a narrow central portion, the isthmus; occasionally an elongated offshoot, the pyramidal lobe, passes upward from the isthmus in front of the trachea. It is supplied by branches from the external carotid and subclavian arteries, and its nerves are derived from the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia of the sympathetic system. It secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin.