When Scores Improve Simply Due to Having Taken a Pretest

question 82

Multiple Choice

When scores improve simply due to having taken a pretest, this threat to validity is called:

• A) History effect
• B) Multiple-treatment interference
• C) Testing effect
• D) Maturation effect

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Definitions:

Authentic Leader

An authentic leader is one who is true to their own personality, values, and spirit, regardless of external pressures or challenges.

Transactional Leaders

Leadership style focused on the exchange between leaders and followers, where followers are rewarded for meeting specific goals or standards.

Carrot and Stick Approach

A motivational strategy that uses rewards (carrots) to reinforce positive behaviors and punishments (sticks) to deter negative behaviors.

Change Competency: Mark Hurd

The ability to effectively manage and adapt to change, often attributed to leadership qualities exemplified by the late Mark Hurd.