What Was the Effect of More Than a Dozen States

question 52

Multiple Choice

What was the effect of more than a dozen states adopting a requirement that voters show a picture ID at the polls before the 2012 election?

• A) It raised the cost of participation for poor and minority voters who are more likely not to possess driver's licenses or passports.
• B) It reduced the cost of participation for wealthy White voters who are more likely to have a driver's license or a passport.
• C) It did not really have an effect because equal numbers of Republican and Democratic states adopted these new rules so the effects canceled each other out.
• D) There was no effect on the cost-benefit calculation for voters because everyone has either a driver's license or a passport.

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Definitions:

Schachter and Singer

Psychologists who developed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, which emphasizes the role of physiological arousal and cognitive labels in emotion.

Arousal and Context

A theory that suggests the interpretation of emotions or responses is influenced by the physiological state of arousal and the context in which it occurs.

Biologically Determined

Characteristics or traits that are influenced by genetic factors rather than environmental conditions.

Facial Expressions

The movements of the facial muscles that convey emotions and communicate nonverbally with others.