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In a recent study, the population of the affluent households was defined in four different ways: (1) households with income of $50,000 or more; (2) the top 20 percent of households, as measured by income; (3) households with net worth over $250,000; and (4) households with spendable discretionary income 30 percent higher than that of comparable households. The number and characteristics of the affluent households varied depending upon the definition, underscoring the need to avoid .
Model
An abstract representation or simulation of a real system, process, or concept used to understand, predict, or control its behavior.
Contiguity
The principle that for learning to take place, the stimulus and response should occur close together in time.
Response and Reward
The relationship between performing a specific behavior and receiving a corresponding outcome or reward, crucial in learning and motivation.
Guthrie
A psychologist recognized for his "contiguity theory" of learning, positing that associations between stimuli and responses are established through pairing or association.
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