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Lisa loans her friend,Grace,$10,000 to finance a new business.If Grace defaults on the loan,Lisa may take a deduction for a business bad debt in the year of total worthlessness.
UCS
An abbreviation for Unconditioned Stimulus, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.
Instinctive Behaviour
Inborn, automatic responses to specific stimuli that are not learned but rather naturally occur in all members of a species.
Conditioning
The process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses, often distinguished as classical or operant conditioning.
Cognitive Components
The aspects of thinking and understanding, including perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
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