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question 27

Multiple Choice

Use the following information to answer the question.
Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) .
$Use the following information to answer the question. Along with bacteria and protozoa, some chytrid fungi live in the digestive tracts of cattle and aid in the digestion of plant matter; thus, all three groups represent potential mutualists with cattle. In an experiment designed to test how much of a contribution to cell wall digestion was made by fungi in one part of the stomach (rumen) , Lee et al. fed grain to cattle and then removed samples of the rumen contents. They took these samples to the laboratory and experimentally treated them with various chemicals to produce fractions that contained (A) only fungi, (B) only bacteria, (C) only protozoa, and (D) all of the potential mutualists. They then measured the percent of the cell wall that was degraded (see the figure) . Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) . Predict the results if the researchers had used a control that contained no potential mutualists (negative control) . A) The negative control would have as much cell wall degradation as was shown by fungi alone. B) The negative control would have very little cell wall degradation. C) The negative control would have as much cell wall degradation as all three of the potential mutualists together. D) The negative control would have more cell wall digestion than protozoans alone.$
Degradation rates of cell walls extracted from Orchard grass by the monoculture system to assess the relative contributions of digestion by bacterial (square) , protozoan (triangle) , and fungal (diamond) systems, and all components (closed circle) as a control. The lowercase letters above the spots indicate statistical significance; mean values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) .
Predict the results if the researchers had used a control that contained no potential mutualists (negative control) .

Definitions:

Output

The amount of products or services generated by a company, sector, or economic system within a specific timeframe.

Marginal Cost

The expense incurred from manufacturing an extra unit of a product or service.

Average Total Cost

A rephrased definition: The per unit production cost calculated by dividing the sum of all production costs by the quantity of output produced.

Variable Cost

Costs that change in proportion to the level of output or activity of a business.