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Smart systems are
Standards
These are established norms or requirements. In a rephrased form: Standards refer to the agreed-upon criteria or benchmarks used to measure the quality or performance of products, services, or processes.
Internal Validity
The extent to which the design and conduct of a study allow for accurate attribution of outcomes to the intervention or treatment, rather than to confounding variables.
Nonequivalent Control Group Design
A quasi-experimental research design where the experimental group and control group may not be strictly comparable at the outset of the experiment, lacking random assignment.
Selection Differences
Differences in the type of subjects who make up each group in an experimental design; this situation occurs whenparticipants elect which groupthey are to be assigned to.
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