Exhibit 11-3
in Order to Determine Whether or Not a Particular

question 83

Multiple Choice

Exhibit 11-3
In order to determine whether or not a particular medication was effective in curing the common cold, one group of patients was given the medication, while another group received sugar pills. The results of the study are shown below.
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Patients Cured }&\text { Patients Not Cured }\\\text { Received medication } & 70 & 10 \\\text { Received sugar pills } & 20 & 50\end{array}$ We are interested in determining whether or not the medication was effective in curing the common cold.
-Refer to Exhibit 11-3. The number of degrees of freedom associated with this problem is

• A) 4
• B) 149
• C) 1
• D) 3

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Definitions:

Negative Reinforcement

A process that strengthens a behavior by removing or reducing an undesirable outcome when the behavior is performed.

Positive Reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the addition of a pleasurable stimulus or reward.

Negative Punishment

A behavior modification technique involving the removal of a desirable stimulus after a particular behavior is exhibited, with the intention of decreasing that behavior.

Positive Punishment

An operant conditioning principle where the introduction of an unfavorable outcome or stimulus following a behavior decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.