PART a If Champagne Contains Alcohol, Then Minors Should Avoid $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text { M}\\ \hline\text { C}\\\end{array}$

question 21

Essay

PART A If champagne contains alcohol, then minors should avoid it, so champagne contains alcohol, because minors should avoid it.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text { M}\\ \hline\text { C}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text {C }\\ \hline\text { M}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text { M}\\ \text {C }\\ \hline\text {\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. } }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are M.}\\ \text {All A are M. }\\ \text {All C are A. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { C are M.}\\ \text { M}\\ \text {C }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) C = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash, M = Napoleon is alive.
B) C = cats, M = mammals.
C) C = Albert was killed in a car accident; M = Albert is dead.
D) C = cats, A = dogs, M = mammals.
E) C = Benjamin Franklin was killed in a plane crash; M = Benjamin Franklin is dead.

• A) C = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash, M = Napoleon is alive.
• B) C = cats, M = mammals.
• C) C = Albert was killed in a car accident; M = Albert is dead.
• D) C = cats, A = dogs, M = mammals.
• E) C = Benjamin Franklin was killed in a plane crash; M = Benjamin Franklin is dead.

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Definitions:

Title

A formal document or legal right indicating ownership of property or assets.

Processed Goat Manure

The resulting product after goat manure has been treated or composted to be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner.

Insolvent

A financial state in which an individual or organization is unable to pay off debts as they become due.

Stoppage in Transitu

Interruption or halt of the transportation of goods before they reach their final destination, typically due to legal or logistical issues.