PART a
All Real Libraries Are Buildings Containing Books

question 326

Essay

PART A
All real libraries are buildings containing books, so some presidential libraries are not real libraries, since some buildings containing books are not presidential libraries.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some \( P \) are not \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\ \text {Some \( B \) are not \( P \). }\\ \hline\text {All R are B. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some \( P \) are not \( R \). }\\ \text {All R are \( \mathrm{B} \). }\\ \hline\text {Some \( B \) are not \( P \). }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some B are not \( P \). }\\ \text { Some \( P \) are not \( R \).}\\ \hline\text { All \( \mathrm{R} \) are \( \mathrm{B} \).}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All R are B. }\\ \text {Some P are not R. }\\ \text {Some B are not P. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All R are \( \mathrm{B} \). }\\ \text {Some \( B \) are not. \( P \). }\\ \text {Some P are not R. }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) R = mammals, B = animals, P = cats.
B) B = mammals, P = cats, R = dogs.
C) P = animals, R = cats, B =mammals.
D) R = fish, B = animals, P = dogs.
E) B = fish, R = animals, P = cats.

• A) R = mammals, B = animals, P = cats.
• B) B = mammals, P = cats, R = dogs.
• C) P = animals, R = cats, B =mammals.
• D) R = fish, B = animals, P = dogs.
• E) B = fish, R = animals, P = cats.

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Definitions:

Economic Order Quantity

The ideal order size that minimizes the total costs associated with inventory, including holding and ordering costs.

Variable Cost

Costs that vary in direct proportion to changes in the level of production or activity within a business.

Carrying Cost

The total cost of holding inventory, including storage, insurance, and taxes, among other expenses.

Fixed Cost

Costs that do not change with the level of production or sales, such as rent, salaries, and insurance premiums.