PART a All Container Ships That Are Ocean Going Are $\begin{array} { l } \text{All C are A }\\ \text { All C are O}\\\end{array}$

question 165

Essay

PART A All container ships that are ocean going are air polluters. Hence, all container ships are air polluters.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text{All C are A }\\ \text { All C are O}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All C are A }\\ \text { All C are O are A}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All CS are O }\\ \text {All CS are A }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All C are O }\\ \hline\text {All C are A }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All C are O are A }\\ \hline\text { All C are A}\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) C = husbands, O = married, A = men.
B) C = men, O = humans, A = mammals.
C) C = men, O = married, A = husbands.
D) C = wives, O = divorced, A = women.
E) C = cats, O = animals, A = dogs.

• A) C = husbands, O = married, A = men.
• B) C = men, O = humans, A = mammals.
• C) C = men, O = married, A = husbands.
• D) C = wives, O = divorced, A = women.
• E) C = cats, O = animals, A = dogs.

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Definitions:

Recombination

A genetic process resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring due to the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes during sexual reproduction.

Phenotypic Plasticity

The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

Genetic Variation

The diversity of gene frequencies within a population, which drives evolution by enabling adaptation to changing environments.

Heritability

The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait, within a population, that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors as opposed to environmental influences.