PART a All Spies Are Covert Operators, So All Covert $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( R \).}\\ \text { All \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\ \hline\text { All S are C}\\\end{array}$

question 395

Essay

PART A All spies are covert operators, so all covert operators are risk takers, for all spies are risk takers.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( R \).}\\ \text { All \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\ \hline\text { All S are C}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array}{l}\text { If } S \text { then R. } \\\text { If } S \text { then } C \text {. } \\\hline\text { If } C \text { then } R \text {. }\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All \( \mathrm{S} \) are C. }\\ \text { All } \mathrm{S} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\ \hline\text { All } \mathrm{C} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All S are C. }\\ \text {All C are \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\ \text { \( \mathrm{All} \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( \mathrm{S} \).}\\ \text {All R are \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text {All \( \mathrm{C} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals.
B) S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals.
C) S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals.
D) R= dogs, C = cats, S = animals.
E) S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.

• A) C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals.
• B) S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals.
• C) S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals.
• D) R= dogs, C = cats, S = animals.
• E) S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.

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Definitions:

Growth Plate

The area of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents that determines the future length and shape of the mature bone.

Primary Ossification

The initial phase of bone formation in embryos and young organisms where cartilage is replaced by bone.

Secondary Ossification

The phase of bone development that occurs after birth, where bone tissue is formed in the epiphyses of long bones, leading to growth in length.

Medullary Cavity

A central cavity of bone shafts where red and/or yellow marrow is stored.