A Given Causal Factor a Is a Necessary Condition for an Effect

question 3

Multiple Choice

A given causal factor a is a necessary condition for an effect E when:

• A)a is enough to guarantee that E occurs
• B)E only occurs in the absence of a
• C)E occurs more often than a occurs
• D)a and E usually occur at the same time
• E)E cannot occur without a

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Definitions:

Marginal Cost

The additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of a product or service.

Incremental Cost

Incremental cost is the additional cost associated with producing one more unit of a product or service.

Operating Cash Flow

Operating cash flow is a measure of the cash generated by a company's regular business operations, indicating the company's ability to generate sufficient positive cash flow to maintain and grow its operations.

Net Present Value

The measurement of the profitability of an investment, calculated by subtracting the present values of cash outflows from the present values of cash inflows over a period of time.