Use the Following Description and Table to Answer the Next

question 6

Multiple Choice

Use the following description and table to answer the next few questions.
A state education department conducted a study of 1000 primary schools to find out how much parental engagement matters for improving academic performance .They measured parental engagement at each school (on a 1-5 scale) , and used regression analysis to examine the effect of engagement on the percent of students meeting state standards in English language arts .To get a better estimate of the true causal effect of engagement, they controlled for poverty and school size (enrollment) because of a concern that these variables may be influencing both parental involvement and academic performance .The results of various specifications using regression analysis are shown below.
Regression analysis of percent of students meeting ELA standards (various specifications)
$$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { Spec 1 } & \text { Spec 2 } & \text { Spec 3 } & \text { Spec } 4 \\\hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Parental engagernent (1-5 } \\\text { scale) }\end{array} & 13.1 8 ^ { * } & 8 . 2 3^ * & 14.18 ^ { * } & 9.14 ^ { * } \\\hline \text { Poverty (\%/ of students) } & & - 0 . 4 9 ^{*} & & - .47 * \\\hline \text { Enrollment (\# of students) } & & & .013^*& .009^* \\\hline\end{array}$$
NOTE: N=1000 primary schools; dependent variable is percentage of students meeting standards in English language arts (ELA) ; * p < .05
-Poverty and school size are presumed common causes that, if omitted from the analysis, result in a biased estimate of the causal effect of parental engagement on the percent of students meeting ELA standards .If this is true, then the best estimate of the true causal effect of parental engagement available in the table is

• A)13.18
• B)8.23
• C)14.23
• D)9.14

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Definitions:

Anger

A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.

Optimism

The general tendency to anticipate favorable outcomes or possess a hopeful outlook on life.

Happiness

A state of well-being and contentment characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

Emotional Intelligence

The skill to recognize, govern, and articulate personal emotions, in addition to conducting oneself sensibly and with empathy in relationships with others.