Epidemiological Studies Have Shown That Males and Females Differ in Terms

question 1

Multiple Choice

Epidemiological studies have shown that males and females differ in terms of emotion-based disorders. Specifically:

• A) Externalizing problems are more commonly observed in males than females, a gender difference that persists from early childhood through adolescence.
• B) Internalizing problems are more commonly observed in females than males, a gender difference that persists from early childhood through adolescence.
• C) In general, behavioral disturbances of boys are observed at an early age, whereas some of the emotional disturbances of females become noticeable only at later ages.
• D) All of the above.

---

Definitions:

Cognitive Model

A theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of mental processes in understanding human behavior, including perception, memory, thought, and problem-solving.

Primary Appraisal

An individual's initial evaluation and interpretation of a situation to determine its significance for their well-being.

Secondary Appraisal

The phase in the stress response where an individual evaluates their resources and ability to cope with an impending threat or challenge.

Stages of Change Model

A theoretical model describing the phases individuals go through in altering behavior, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.