Refer to the Table Which Summarizes the Results of Testing

question 60

Multiple Choice

Refer to the table which summarizes the results of testing for a certain disease. $$\begin{array} { l | c c } & \begin{array} { l } \text { Positive } \\\text { Test Result }\end{array} & \begin{array} { l } \text { Negative } \\\text { Test Result }\end{array} \\\hline \text { Subject has the disease } & 87 & 9 \\\text { Subject does not have the disease } & 27 & 312\end{array}$$ A test subject is randomly selected and tested for the disease. What is the probability the subject has the disease given that the test result is negative?

• A)0.094
• B)0.028
• C)0.972
• D)0.221

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Definitions:

Volunteer Bias

A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not.

Nocebo

A detrimental effect on health produced by psychological or psychosomatic factors such as negative expectations of treatment or prognosis.

Medical Disorder

A condition that disrupts normal bodily functions, often characterized by specific symptoms and signs, and may require medical intervention.

Reinforcement

In behaviorism, it refers to any stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response.