If Variables with a Multivariate Normal Distribution Have Covariances That $\chi ^ { 2 }$

question 23

Short Answer

If variables with a multivariate normal distribution have covariances that equal zero, then a. the correlation will most often be zero, but does not have to be.
b. the variables are independent.
c. you should use the $\chi ^ { 2 }$ distribution to calculate probabilities.
d. the marginal distribution of each of the variables is no longer normal.

Evaluate the practical applications of reinforcement schedules in work, study, and daily activities.

Understand the fundamental concepts of operant conditioning.

Define and differentiate between fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, and variable-interval schedules of reinforcement.

Explain the process of shaping and its significance in learning behaviors.

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Definitions:

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a particular behavior being repeated.

Removal

The act or process of taking something away or eliminating it.

Behavior

Observable actions of human beings and non-human animals, including their interactions with the environment and other organisms.

Negative Reinforcement

A form of operant conditioning where a response is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.