Quasi Differences in Yt Are Defined as A $\quad Y _ { t } - Y _ { t - 1 }$

question 17

Short Answer

Quasi differences in Yt are defined as a. $\quad Y _ { t } - Y _ { t - 1 }$ .
b. $Y _ { t } - \phi _ { 1 } Y _ { t - 1 }$ .
c. $\Delta Y _ { t } - \phi _ { 1 } Y _ { t - 1 }$ .
d. $\quad \phi _ { 1 } \left( Y _ { t } - Y _ { t - 1 } \right)$ .

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