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If you included both time and entity fixed effects in the regression model which includes a constant, then a. one of the explanatory variables needs to be excluded to avoid perfect multicollinearity.
b. you can use the "before and after"' specification even for .
c. you must exclude one of the entity binary variables and one of the time binary variables for the OLS estimator to exist.
d. the OLS estimator no longer exists.
Undeveloped Countries
Countries with poor economies; problematically implies a lack of economic talent or exposure.
Dependency Theory
A theoretical perspective that criticizes the global economic system as perpetuating inequality between developing and developed nations.
World Systems
A socio-economic model that emphasizes the world-economy as a complex system structured by political and economic relations that extend across global territories and peoples.
Modernization Theory
A theory suggesting that traditional societies will develop economically as they adopt more modern practices and technologies.
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