In the Chi-Square Test of Independence, the Test Statistic Used $\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma \frac { ( \mathrm { O } - \mathrm { E } ) ^ { 2 } } { \mathrm { E } }$

question 74

Essay

In the chi-square test of independence, the test statistic used is $\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma \frac { ( \mathrm { O } - \mathrm { E } ) ^ { 2 } } { \mathrm { E } }$ . Discuss the meaning of $\mathrm { O }$ and $\mathrm { E }$ and explain the circumstances under which the $\chi ^ { 2 }$ values will be smaller or larger. What is the relationship between a significant $\chi ^ { 2 }$ value and the values of $\mathrm { O }$ and $\mathrm { E }$ ?

Recognize the dual nature of conflict and its potential impacts on organizational dynamics.

Understand the process of overcoming resistance to change in organizational settings.

Analyze the role of participation in managing change and its impact on acceptance.

Understand the role of Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations in promoting ethical compliance programs.

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