Determine What Type of Observational Study Is Described

question 55

Multiple Choice

Determine what type of observational study is described. Explain.
-Vitamin D is important for the metabolism of calcium and exposure to sunshine is an important source ofvitamin D. A researcher wanted to determine whether osteoperosis was associated with a lack of exposure tosunshine. He selected a sample of 250 women with osteoperosis and an equal number of women withoutosteoperosis. The two groups were matched - in other words they were similar in terms of age, diet,occupation, and exercise levels. Histories on exposure to sunshine over the previous twenty years wereobtained for all women. The total number of hours that each woman had been exposed to sunshine in theprevious twenty years was estimated. The amount of exposure to sunshine was compared for the two groups.

• A) retrospective; Individuals are asked to look back in time
• B) cross-sectional; Information is collected at a specific point in time.
• C) cohort; Individuals are observed over a long period of time.

---

Definitions:

Body Language

Nonverbal communication through gestures, expressions, and postures that can convey messages or emotions.

Information Filtering

The process of sorting, selecting, and presenting information based on predefined criteria or user preferences to reduce information overload.

Persuasive Communication

The art of utilizing verbal and non-verbal messages to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in a certain direction.

Electronic Grapevine

Informal communication network within an organization, facilitated by digital means, like email or social media, often spreading information unofficially.