Let a = {1, 2, 3, 4}

question 15

Essay

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The following relation R is an equivalence relation on A:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 4)}.
(a) Draw the directed graph of R.
(b) Find the distinct equivalence classes of R.

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Definitions:

Process Inadequacy

Wrong (or missing) processes set up in the organization, causing communication breakdown.

Communication Breakdown

A situation where communication fails to proceed or convey the intended message causing misunderstanding or confusion.

Failure Spectrum

A range of outcomes in which objectives are not met, varying in severity from minor setbacks to catastrophic collapses, used to analyze and learn from unsuccessful endeavors.

Negative Emotions

Feelings that are considered undesirable and often associated with pain, such as sadness, anger, and fear.