Express the Sum Using Summation Notation $$\sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { 4 } ( - 1 ) ^ { k } \cdot 2 k$$

question 1

Multiple Choice

Express the sum using summation notation.
- $$\sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { 4 } ( - 1 ) ^ { k } \cdot 2 k$$

• A) \(- 20\)
• B) 20
• C) 16
• D) 4

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Definitions:

Reflexes

Involuntary and nearly instantaneous movements in response to stimuli, as part of the body's protective mechanism.

Medulla Oblongata

The lowest section of the brainstem, controlling autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Sneezing

Sneezing is a reflex action to expel air forcefully from the nose and mouth to clear the nasal passages.

Spinal Reflex

An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord.