Determine Whether the Binary Relation Is:
(1) Reflexive, (2) Symmetric

question 66

Short Answer

determine whether the binary relation is:
(1) reflexive, (2) symmetric, (3) antisymmetric, (4) transitive.
- $$\text { The relation } R \text { on } \mathcal { Z } \text { where } a R b \text { means that the units digit of } a \text { is equal to the units digit of } b \text {. }$$

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Definitions:

Economic Profit

The difference between total revenue and total economic costs (including both explicit and implicit costs), reflecting the true economic performance of a company.

Purely Competitive

An economic model where numerous small businesses operate, offering identical products, with unrestricted market entry and exit, and complete transparency of information.

Short Run

A period in which at least one input in the production process is fixed and cannot be varied to influence output.

Economic Profit

The difference between a firm's total revenue and all costs, including both explicit and implicit costs.