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Calculate the area of the surface S.
- is the portion of the sphere between and .
Acceptable Assumptions
The premises that are considered reasonable and are accepted without requiring empirical evidence, often used as a foundational basis in arguments or theories.
Random Sampling
A method of selecting a sample from a population in such a way that each individual has an equal probability of being chosen, ensuring the representativeness of the sample.
Equal Chance
The principle that in a certain process, event, or situation, all outcomes or participants have the same probability or likelihood of occurring or being selected.
Correlation
A statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables change together; if the correlation is positive, as one variable increases, the other does as well.
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