Consider a MIPS Machine with a 5-Stage Pipeline with a Cycle

question 6

Essay

Consider a MIPS machine with a 5-stage pipeline with a cycle time of 10ns. Assume that you are executing a program where a fraction, f, of all instructions immediately follow a load upon which they are dependent.
(a) With forwarding enabled what is the total execution time for N instructions, in terms of f ?
(b) Consider a scenario where the MEM stage, along with its pipeline registers, needs 12 ns. There are now two options: add another MEM stage so that there are MEM1 and MEM2 stages or increase the cycle time to 12ns so that the MEM stage fits within the new cycle time and the number of pipeline stages remain unaffected. For a program mix with the above characteristics, when is the first option better than the second. Your answer should be based on the value of f.
(c) Embedded processors have two different memory regions - a faster scratchpad memory and a slower normal memory. Assume that in the 6 stage machine (with MEM1 and MEM2 stages), there is a region of memory that is faster and for which the correct value is obtained at the end of the MEM1 stage itself while the rest of the memory needs both MEM1 and MEM2 stages. For the sake of simplicity assume that there are two load instructions load.fast and load.slow that indicate which memory region is accessed. If 40% of the fraction f mentioned above get their value from the fast memory, how does the answer to the previous question change ?

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Definitions:

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

Sarcomeres

The fundamental units of a muscle's myofibril, responsible for muscle contraction.

Z Line (Disc)

A key component in skeletal muscle fibers that anchors the actin filaments and marks the boundary between sarcomeres.

Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates, functioning as a single operational unit in muscle contraction.