The Following Table Entries Are Test Scores for Males and Females

question 4

Essay

The following table entries are test scores for males and females at different times of day. Assuming no effect
from the interaction between gender and test time, test the claim that time of day does not affect test scores. Use
a 0.05 significance level. $\begin{array}{l|cccc} & 6 \text { a.m. }-9 \text { a.m. } 9 \text { a.m. - } 12 \text { p.m. } 12 \text { p.m. - 3 p.m. 3 p.m. - 6 p.m. } \\\hline \text { Male } & 87 & 89 & 92 & 85 \\\text { Female } & 72 & 84 & 94 & 89\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{lcllcc}\text { Source } & \text { DF } & \text { SS } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\\text { Gender } & 1 & 24.5 & 24.5 & 0.6652 & 0.4745 \\\text { Time } & 3 & 183 & 61 & 1.6561 & 0.3444 \\\text { Error } & 3 & 110.5 & 36.83 & & \\\text { Total } & 7 & 318 & & &\end{array}$

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Definitions:

Ingroup Favoritism

The tendency to favor members of one's own group over those from different groups.

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can impair performance.

Intellectual Performance

The efficiency or skill level shown by an individual in tasks that require cognitive effort, such as problem-solving, abstract thinking, and understanding complex ideas.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.